Quantum Mechanics or Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics or Quantum Physics
-describes the position,velocity and energy of extremely small particles (eg. atom, electron proton)

1.] Radiant energy(light) could be describe or given off only in definite quantities called quantum -Max Planck(1900).
2.] Light are composed of particles called protons.
3] Electrons are traveling around the nucleus in quantized orbits called energy levels. This is the explanation given to the atomic spectra of hydrogen atom. -Neils Bohr(1912).
4.] Electrons also exhibit wave properties. Proven by the x-ray diffraction experiments.
5.] A precise description of the path of an electron in an atom is impossible. -Werner Heisinburg(1927).
6.] We cannot describe the exact orbit or path of the electron around the nucleus, but we can describe its atomic orbitals- these are regions around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding the electron in the region of space. -Ervin Schrodinger(926).

Cell Cycle

General information
1. Mitosis is the cellular mechanism by which the nuclear content of eukaryotic cell produces and divides.
2. It results in the formation of two daughter cells from one parent cell.
3. Mitotic cells division occurs in five phases: inter phase, pro phase, meta phase, anaphase and telophase.
4. The ordered events are called the cell cycle.
5. This cycle can be divided into two parts a period of growth and preparation for reproduction called inter phase and reproductive period called mitosis.
6. Mitosis is common to all animals and all plants active during embryonic development in growth in repair of injury and in replacement of body covering at molting, it is also the process.

INTER PHASE
- commonly called the "resting stage"
- genetic material is replicated in preparation for the next division sequence.
- has for sub-phase:G1,G0,S,G2

*G1 Phase
- RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell growth occur.
*G0 Phase
- all the cells activities occur except for reproduction and growth.
* S Phase
- DNA synthesis occur
- the amount of DNA in the nucleus doubles.
*G2 Phase
-DNA synthesis ceases
-RNA synthesis and protein synthesis occur preparation for mitotic division

PRO PHASE
- the nucleus disappears
- chromosomes become distinct
- the halves of each duplicate chromosome (chromatids) remain attached by a centromer

META PHASE

- the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
- the centromer of each replicates

ANA PHASE
- centromer moce apart, pulling the separated chromatids(now called chromosomes) to opposite ends of the cell.
- the number of chromosomes of each end of the cell equals the original number.

TELO PHASE
- nuclear membrane forms around each end of the cell, spndle fbus disappear
- the cytoplasm compresses and divides the cell in half each new cell contains the diploids number of chromosomes.

Cell Theory

1.]The cell is the unit of structure and function of all organism.
2.]All cells are reproduce from other cells

2 Types of cells

a. Prokaryotic Cells - cells without a true nucleus.
b. Eukaryotik Cells - cells with a true nucleus.

3 Major Divisions

1.] Cell wall/Cell Membrane
2.] Cytoplasm
3.] Nucleus

Nucleus
- contains the genes that control the entire cell
- the most conspicuous organelle in eukaryotic.
- the nucleus envelop encloses the nucleus
- nearly all of the cells DNA are located in the nucleus
- the most visible within the non-diving nucleus

Ribosomes
The site where the cells assembles enzymes and other proteins according to genetic instructions.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a membrane labyrinth so extensive that it accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.

- TWO Distincts Regions of E.R
* Rough E.R
* Smooth E.R

Smooth E.R
- Synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates metabolism and detoxification of drugs and other poisons
- Detoxification usually involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs, increasing their solubility and making it easier to the flush the compounds from the body.

Roug E.R
- protein synthesis
- membrane production
- center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting and shipping.
- after leaving the E.R many transport vesicles travel first to the Golgi bodies.

Mitochondria
- oval, sausage shaped, or thread like organelles
- bounded by a double membrane
- the outer membrane is smooth, the inner membrane has many folds called cristae
- breakdown fuel molecules, releasing energy for the cells work

Lysosomes
- membrane bounded bags of many digestive enzymes.
- they help cell function by aiding in cell renewal, constantly breaking down old cells parts as they are replaced with new cell parts.

Vacuoles
- vacoule comes from the latin word meaning "empty"
- within them can be formed such substance as water, food and waste.
- vacoules are most often found in the plant cell.

Cell Walls
- one of the features of paint cells that distinguish them from animal cells provide protection form a drying environment.

Chloroplasts
- the chloroplasts is a specialized member of a family of closely plant organelles called plasticls
- contain the green pigment function in the photosynthesis production of food.

Lipids

Types of Lipids

Complex Lipids
• Lipoproteins
• GlycoLipids

Nonacylglycerols
•Sphingolipids
•Steroids
•Waxes

Acylglycerols
•Neutral
•Phosphoglycerols

Fatty Acids
•Saturated
•Unsaturated

LIPIDS FUNCTION

1. Cell membrane structure
•Creates a barrier for the cell
•Controls flow of materials

2. Energy storage
• fats stored in adipose tissue

3. Hormones and Vitamins
•Hormones- communication between cells
•Vitamins- assists in the regulation of biological process